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[music playing]

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- So welcome to the 2015 NASA
Ames Summer Series.

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Having a great vision
but lacking leadership

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and teamwork
does not accomplish anything.

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Having great leadership
without a vision and a team

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does not accomplish anything.

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Having a great team
with no leadership and no vision

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also accomplishes nothing.

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You need the combination
of all three.

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That is important when you're
faced with extreme situations.

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It is very important

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when the life is in jeopardy
at that point.

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Extreme situations
teach us about ourselves,

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teach us how to survive,

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and most importantly,

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teach us the importance of home,
and, in this case, our Earth.

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Today's talk, entitled
Leadership on the Edge,

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will be given
by Sir Robert Swan.

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Robert received a BA
in Ancient History

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from St. Chad's College
at Durham University.

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It is important
to know your history

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to know your future.

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He is the first person
in the world to walk,

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not to drive, not to fly,

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to walk to both the North
and the South Poles.

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He is the founder of 2041
and a polar explorer.

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He has served as a special envoy
to UNESCO Director-General

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and as a UN Goodwill Ambassador
for youth.

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The youth is the future.

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In recognition of his work,

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Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth
the Second awarded him

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the Polar Medal in 1998
and the distinction of Officer

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of the Order of the British

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Empire in 1995.

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Please join me in welcoming
Sir Robert Swan.

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[applause]

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- Well, thank you very much,
Jacob, and one word

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Jacob didn't say,

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and let's get this straight
right from the beginning

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that actually I
am the first person

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in history stupid enough
to have walked to both Poles.

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900 nautical miles to the South,

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700 nautical miles to the North,

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and if you are that person,

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and I am, I guarantee you
that Rob Swan standing here

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is only sure
of four things forever.

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First and foremost,
I'm sure I hate bloody walking.

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I've done enough, definitely.

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Secondly, translated
into American for you,

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the coldest day

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I ever will be in
is minus 78 degrees Fahrenheit.

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It's a bit chilly,
and at that temperature

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sweat turns to ice
inside your clothing,

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so the second thing
I'm sure of is I do not enjoy

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having ice in my underpants.

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It's yet to thrill.

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Thirdly, next week
I celebrate my 59th birthday,

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and after 59 fairly tough years
so far on the planet,

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I've yet to find
an insurance company

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that's got the courage
to give me life cover.

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No one will cover me.

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You're gonna find out why.

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And lastly,

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which I think is
really important for all of us,

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you are the future explorers.

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You are the young people here,

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and it's fabulous,
joined by, I know,

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some more senior people
here as well,

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but I think
it's really important

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to understand
from my point of view.

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Before we undertake a mission,
do you know

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what people say to me?

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"You're gonna fail, Rob.

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You're gonna die."
Now, I won't say,

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'cause I'm on record, what I
really think about these people.

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It's not much,

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but the point is, open any
newspaper this morning,

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watch any TV program today,

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most of is negative.

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Why? Because it's easy
to be negative.

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It's harder to be positive,
so I'd like to start today

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by saying the most
important part of leadership

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is to be the positive person
around the table.

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No one is inspired by negative.

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Now, imagine

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you're connected
with fairly wide open places,

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but imagine
walking across a continent

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twice the size of Australia.

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Your destination is one building
the size of this room,

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the South Pole
Scientific Station.

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A map of where you're going
looks like the screen.

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That's the map,

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and eventually
your team of three people

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arrive at the South Pole.

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It was hard work.

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I lost 69 pounds in 70 days,

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but we did it.

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By some aeroplanes

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you find yourself standing
at Heathrow Airport

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a little bit thin.

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You haven't had a proper bath
or shower for a year.

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That's even extreme
for an Englishman.

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You haven't seen
your girlfriend for a year.

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There's lots of excitement,

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but the first thing
you're told standing there

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is you've got to go
on a TV chat show

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with 20 million people
laughing at you,

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and the first question
they ask is, "Was it cold, Bob?"

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But eventually
they do get around

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to asking one good question,

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and it's very relevant
to where we are.

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"Why, Rob, did you do this?"

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This is a photograph
of me in 1969.

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Check out that haircut.

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And I was woken in the middle
of the night to come down

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and watch the black-and-white TV

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to see that moment

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where we landed on the Moon.

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I remember
looking at it, going,

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"Wow, I'm doing this,
definitely."

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But even then
I realized my limitations.

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I was interested in history.

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I wasn't a scientist.

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So I began to think, could
I find outer space on Earth?

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It didn't take long.

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I found the Antarctic,

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and the Antarctic
would be the place

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where I would try
to make the dream come true.

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Could I feel like I was in space
somewhere on Earth?

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And Antarctica is
an extraordinary place,

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the only place in the world

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that all of us own.

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No one owns Antarctica.

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It's the last true
great wilderness,

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and the early explorers,
the real people, Scott,

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Shackleton, Amundsen, Peary,

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Byrd, the real explorers--
'cause I'm not an explorer.

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I'm simply a traveler.

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The real explorers,

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75 years before us,
they used ponies, dogs.

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They had teams of 20 people
laying out supplies

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in front of a main team,

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and the team would pick up
those supplies on their return.

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I didn't want to repeat history.

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I wanted to find something
where we could push the edge,

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and we chose
the longest unassisted march

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ever made anywhere
on Earth in history.

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We would start
with no radio communications,

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no satellite devices
to press a button and it--

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where it tells you
where you are on Earth.

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We would navigate
using the Sun, a sextant,

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and a watch,

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and we would attempt a one-way
trip 900 nautical miles,

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and to put it
into the context of space,

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it would be like landing
on a planet

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where all you had was air
and ice,

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and you would have to survive
for 70 days on that planet

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and travel 900 miles
on foot completely unassisted.

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That would be the plan.

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To turn any dream
into a reality needs commitment.

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You know, in a world
over-dominated, I might say,

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by instant communication,

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don't think
that you will inspire people

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by sending them a text
or a WhatsApp.

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You will inspire people
by showing leadership,

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walking the talk,

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believing in what you're doing,

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what you're saying.

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It took me seven years
at the age of 20

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to raise
$5 million U.S.

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Most of those years,

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I had to really understand
the word "no."

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People would not support me,

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but if you have a dream,
hang on to that dream.

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Believe in it.
It can come true.

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We buy a ship, and 25 of us
sail south past Australia,

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south from New Zealand,

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and then we head
into the mighty Southern Ocean.

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We land in Antarctica
3,000 miles from civilization

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and unload our energy.

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Without energy
in Antarctica you're dead,

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and 27 years ago
it was good old British coal

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and jet aviation fuel
would be our energy,

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the most reliable energy
at the time.

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Five of us would live inside

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a tiny box for nine months,

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no communications.

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We wouldn't be connected
for one year.

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No postal service, just five
of us living in Antarctica,

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and to be blunt,
very different people.

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I didn't choose my best friends
to go on this expedition.

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Diversity is strength.

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Have the courage, always,

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to choose the right people
for a mission, for a job.

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Don't choose your best friends
just because they say yes.

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Choose people who challenge you,
push you,

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because that is strong.

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Nine months inside a tiny,
little hut,

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five months of total darkness
in the Antarctic,

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and we came through.

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We hated each other
from day one,

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but we came through
with a simple two ways

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of communicating.

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One was to tell each other
the truth,

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and secondly, to listen

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to what people were
really saying.

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Not hear what you want to hear,

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but listen to what people
are really saying.

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And during that time
we would unpack, repack.

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Our technology was to try
and reduce the weight with which

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we would have to pull.

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We knew that we could only
pull 360 pounds on a sled.

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More than that,
the sled would dig in,

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and we were dead,

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so we had to remove every single
possible extra ounce.

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We even cut the handles
off our toothbrushes

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because that was extra weight,

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and gradually we
pulled the weight down

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ounce by ounce, gram by gram,

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to each of us pulling
360 pounds per person.

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80 days of food and fuel,

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79 pounds

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total weight of jet A1

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which we would use
inside our tent

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to melt the ice to cook,

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and we used, simply,
between three of us,

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unbelievably,

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only one pint

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of jet fuel per day
to stay alive,

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and we had a marvelous
little stove called an MSR.

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Walking to the South Pole
is extremely hard,

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nine hours a day,

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seven days a week,
70 days in a row.

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you must cross on your journey
through 6,000 crevasses,

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and if you fall into a crevasse,

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you hope you die...

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[laughter]

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Because if you die, it's fine,

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but if you stay alive

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and you're 100 foot
down a crevasse,

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we carried no ropes,

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no ladders,

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no rescue equipment.

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We have no radio equipment,
so if you go down,

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you stay down,

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so you hoped you died
for the simple reason

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it would have been
a bit grim to wave good-bye

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to your friends 100 foot above.

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6,000 crevasses,
how did we come through those?

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We truly trusted each other.

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Without trust you're nothing,

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and in order to trust people
you have to fully trust people,

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not half-trust them,

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so whoever's leading
through the crevasse fields

255
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:49,533
would choose the route,

256
00:13:49,533 --> 00:13:53,533
and the others would follow
that route unconditionally

257
00:13:53,533 --> 00:13:54,933
and without debate.

258
00:13:54,933 --> 00:13:58,466
Why? 'Cause
if we'd stopped 6,000 times

259
00:13:58,466 --> 00:14:00,533
for a feedback session,

260
00:14:00,533 --> 00:14:04,100
"Oh, I don't like this one,
mate. Looks a bit tricky.

261
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:08,133
Let's stop, have tea,
talk it through.

262
00:14:08,133 --> 00:14:12,100
Perhaps send each other
a couple of texts to work out

263
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:15,866
when our next meeting's gonna be
about crossing the crevasse.

264
00:14:15,866 --> 00:14:20,900
Perhaps even, you know,
share our feelings, hold hands."

265
00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:25,066
Now, had we done that
6,000 times I wouldn't be here

266
00:14:25,066 --> 00:14:27,766
because we had to average

267
00:14:27,766 --> 00:14:32,866
12 nautical miles every day.

268
00:14:32,866 --> 00:14:34,833
Fall below 12,

269
00:14:34,833 --> 00:14:36,866
we run out of food and fuel,

270
00:14:36,866 --> 00:14:41,066
and in Antarctica
you're dead in five days.

271
00:14:41,066 --> 00:14:45,033
So, efficiency for you,

272
00:14:45,033 --> 00:14:49,466
efficiency for us is a matter
of life or death.

273
00:14:49,466 --> 00:14:52,400
We reach halfway to the pole,

274
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:54,533
and in a space term, you know,

275
00:14:54,533 --> 00:14:59,233
we reach the point of no return
now because once past halfway,

276
00:14:59,233 --> 00:15:01,666
we can't turn back

277
00:15:01,666 --> 00:15:04,300
because we'll run out
of food and fuel.

278
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:07,700
So now we commit
to reach one building,

279
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:12,800
the South Pole Scientific
Station 500 miles on.

280
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,433
We reach it
or we don't come home.

281
00:15:15,433 --> 00:15:16,633
Now we commit.

282
00:15:16,633 --> 00:15:19,133
We are now standing in an area

283
00:15:19,133 --> 00:15:23,100
the size
of the United States of America,

284
00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:26,566
and we are
the only people there.

285
00:15:26,566 --> 00:15:28,266
Bit lonely.

286
00:15:28,266 --> 00:15:33,866
And beneath our feet
16,000 feet of solid ice,

287
00:15:33,866 --> 00:15:37,700
70% of all the world's
fresh water,

288
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:40,733
90% of all the world's ice,

289
00:15:40,733 --> 00:15:43,100
we're standing on it.

290
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:46,466
Now, I have to be very,
very honest in saying

291
00:15:46,466 --> 00:15:50,133
I did this because it went down
well with girls at parties.

292
00:15:50,133 --> 00:15:52,933
You know, I didn't do this
for any scientific,

293
00:15:52,933 --> 00:15:54,733
save-the-planet reason.

294
00:15:54,733 --> 00:15:57,433
I just wanted to do this,

295
00:15:57,433 --> 00:16:00,500
and I'd never
thought about our world.

296
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:04,566
I thought somebody else would
look after our world, not me,

297
00:16:04,566 --> 00:16:06,200
but walking across this ice

298
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:10,233
I began to think how powerful

299
00:16:10,233 --> 00:16:13,066
this place really was,

300
00:16:13,066 --> 00:16:16,566
and I ask you to listen
to these words carefully.

301
00:16:16,566 --> 00:16:22,033
If, if, if we continue
to melt this,

302
00:16:22,033 --> 00:16:26,700
we have a major problem
of our survival here on Earth.

303
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,933
As we close in
on the South Geographic Pole

304
00:16:29,933 --> 00:16:31,500
according to our plans,

305
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:33,266
our ship, Southern Quest,

306
00:16:33,266 --> 00:16:35,233
should be at base.

307
00:16:35,233 --> 00:16:38,900
They should be
unloading an aeroplane.

308
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:43,033
It--the aeroplane is then
taken off from an iceberg,

309
00:16:43,033 --> 00:16:45,166
one chance.

310
00:16:45,166 --> 00:16:47,633
The plane flies to the pole,
looks for us.

311
00:16:47,633 --> 00:16:48,900
If they find us,

312
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:52,200
we jump on the plane,
go back to the base camp,

313
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:56,233
and do something
that we promised to do.

314
00:16:56,233 --> 00:17:00,933
To raise $5 million U.S.
when you're 22 years old

315
00:17:00,933 --> 00:17:03,200
needed some help,

316
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,300
and I hope some of you
might remember the name

317
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:07,500
Jacques Cousteau.

318
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:08,866
Well, Jacques Cousteau was--

319
00:17:08,866 --> 00:17:13,366
I was honored for him to be
a friend and our patron.

320
00:17:13,366 --> 00:17:15,966
He got on the phone
and helped raise the money,

321
00:17:15,966 --> 00:17:17,866
but being Jacques, he said,

322
00:17:17,866 --> 00:17:20,066
"Rob...

323
00:17:20,066 --> 00:17:21,666
I will help you,

324
00:17:21,666 --> 00:17:24,100
but you've got
to do something for me.

325
00:17:24,100 --> 00:17:26,033
At the end of your expedition,

326
00:17:26,033 --> 00:17:29,233
clear away all your garbage,
all your rubbish.

327
00:17:29,233 --> 00:17:31,433
Leave just your footsteps

328
00:17:31,433 --> 00:17:34,200
in the snow of the Antarctic
and I'll help you.

329
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:38,166
Show respect to the last
great wilderness on Earth."

330
00:17:38,166 --> 00:17:39,633
I said, "Jacques,
get on the phone.

331
00:17:39,633 --> 00:17:41,966
Of course we'll do this."

332
00:17:41,966 --> 00:17:45,466
So our plan was we reach
the pole, back to the base,

333
00:17:45,466 --> 00:17:47,333
load everything up, head north.

334
00:17:47,333 --> 00:17:51,633
That's the plan,
and after 70 fairly tough days

335
00:17:51,633 --> 00:17:56,166
three of us arrived
at the bottom of the world,

336
00:17:56,166 --> 00:17:59,666
the South Geographic
Pole Scientific Station.

337
00:17:59,666 --> 00:18:02,000
It was a bit of a shock
for the scientists there

338
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,466
when three people
walked by the window,

339
00:18:04,466 --> 00:18:06,433
like, "What?"

340
00:18:06,433 --> 00:18:07,700
and we had five minutes

341
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:12,633
to stand there and celebrate
what was possible.

342
00:18:13,866 --> 00:18:15,600
That's why you're here.

343
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:17,900
You're all about
what's possible,

344
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:20,300
but the world seems
to be rather addicted

345
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:22,766
to what's not possible.

346
00:18:22,766 --> 00:18:24,166
And we were proud,

347
00:18:24,166 --> 00:18:27,333
and then the base commander
from the South Pole Station

348
00:18:27,333 --> 00:18:29,933
came out looking a bit gloomy,

349
00:18:29,933 --> 00:18:31,600
and I thought, "No."

350
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:32,966
And he said, "Sorry, Rob,

351
00:18:32,966 --> 00:18:34,966
your ship just sank."

352
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,900
So right at the moment

353
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:41,533
of our pointless success
everything goes terribly wrong.

354
00:18:41,533 --> 00:18:44,200
Now, most important thing

355
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,066
for all of us is safety.

356
00:18:47,066 --> 00:18:49,266
Everybody's safe,

357
00:18:49,266 --> 00:18:52,933
but, of course, you can't
insure a ship this far south.

358
00:18:52,933 --> 00:18:54,766
I'd promised my bank manager

359
00:18:54,766 --> 00:18:57,633
I'd pay off my debts
by selling the ship.

360
00:18:57,633 --> 00:18:58,666
I have no ship.

361
00:18:58,666 --> 00:18:59,900
I have no insurance.

362
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:01,233
I go bankrupt.

363
00:19:01,233 --> 00:19:02,233
I lose my home.

364
00:19:02,233 --> 00:19:04,200
Everybody's laughing at me,

365
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,633
and also I had promised
Jacques Cousteau

366
00:19:07,633 --> 00:19:09,966
that we would clear away
our base camp.

367
00:19:09,966 --> 00:19:11,433
I don't have a ship.

368
00:19:11,433 --> 00:19:14,200
I'm bankrupt.

369
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:19,066
It's 3,000 miles
back to New Zealand,

370
00:19:19,066 --> 00:19:22,666
and we'd made a promise.

371
00:19:22,666 --> 00:19:27,300
You can buy a lot of books
on teamwork and leadership,

372
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:30,266
but I'll save you the money.

373
00:19:30,266 --> 00:19:32,800
The most important thing,
in my humble opinion,

374
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:34,300
about leadership

375
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:37,133
is you should think carefully

376
00:19:37,133 --> 00:19:41,133
before you make a commitment.

377
00:19:41,133 --> 00:19:44,600
And once you make a commitment,
deliver on it.

378
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:46,800
Do it, because if you don't,

379
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:49,033
people won't take
you seriously ever again,

380
00:19:49,033 --> 00:19:51,200
and I'd promised
Jacques Cousteau

381
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:56,600
that we would
leave Antarctica tidy,

382
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:57,800
and we would do that.

383
00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:00,966
Three volunteers,
no one's ever paid,

384
00:20:00,966 --> 00:20:04,133
spent another year
at our base camp.

385
00:20:04,133 --> 00:20:07,100
I borrowed, yes, an aeroplane

386
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:10,433
from the United States
government, God bless America,

387
00:20:10,433 --> 00:20:14,400
got the aeroplane
and my team back to New Zealand

388
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,433
and promised
those three brave souls

389
00:20:17,433 --> 00:20:22,300
that I would return a year later
with another ship, pick them up,

390
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:24,900
and deliver on our promise,

391
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:28,600
and I'm very proud to say
that we did that.

392
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,366
Do you know what leadership
is also about?

393
00:20:31,366 --> 00:20:35,133
Building track records

394
00:20:35,133 --> 00:20:39,866
so people take you seriously
when you have a plan.

395
00:20:39,866 --> 00:20:41,600
So, we delivered,

396
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,966
and that cost me,
at the age of 28,

397
00:20:44,966 --> 00:20:49,966
a personal debt to the bank
of $1.2 million,

398
00:20:49,966 --> 00:20:53,100
and I'd never had a job.

399
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:56,333
Took ten years to repay it,

400
00:20:56,333 --> 00:20:57,733
but we were on it.

401
00:20:57,733 --> 00:21:02,333
Now, something happened to me
walking to the South Pole

402
00:21:02,333 --> 00:21:04,333
that actually
brought me here today,

403
00:21:04,333 --> 00:21:05,666
and it hurt.

404
00:21:07,133 --> 00:21:12,266
My eyes changed color
through damage in 70 days.

405
00:21:12,266 --> 00:21:14,566
Our faces blistered out,

406
00:21:14,566 --> 00:21:16,900
and the skin ripped away.

407
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:20,733
We hadn't read about this
in the diaries of Scott,

408
00:21:20,733 --> 00:21:22,900
Shackleton, Peary,

409
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:24,166
Amundsen, you know,

410
00:21:24,166 --> 00:21:26,200
"Faces fell of yesterday.

411
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,466
Entire team blind.

412
00:21:28,466 --> 00:21:30,966
Rather tricky position."

413
00:21:30,966 --> 00:21:33,333
Now, this hadn't happened
to Scott,

414
00:21:33,333 --> 00:21:35,133
so what was happening
to us?

415
00:21:35,133 --> 00:21:39,666
Well, NASA tell us on return,

416
00:21:39,666 --> 00:21:41,333
"Oh, by the way, guys,

417
00:21:41,333 --> 00:21:43,833
we've just discovered the hole
in the ozone layer,

418
00:21:43,833 --> 00:21:45,766
and you walked underneath it."

419
00:21:45,766 --> 00:21:47,400
Ultraviolet rays down,

420
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:51,300
hit the ice, bounced back,
fried our faces off,

421
00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:52,766
burnt out our eyes.

422
00:21:52,766 --> 00:21:56,533
Bit of a shock, actually.

423
00:21:56,533 --> 00:22:01,866
And it started me thinking
that maybe some of these issues

424
00:22:01,866 --> 00:22:04,000
aren't somebody else's problem.

425
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,233
But first, any businesspeople,

426
00:22:06,233 --> 00:22:07,600
please don't laugh,

427
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:11,333
I thought I could pay off
my debts from the South Pole

428
00:22:11,333 --> 00:22:13,033
by walking to the North Pole.

429
00:22:13,033 --> 00:22:15,166
This was not the best idea
I ever had,

430
00:22:15,166 --> 00:22:18,100
but anyhow,
I'm not embarrassed to say,

431
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:24,300
and there's nothing wrong at all
in having a dream

432
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:29,333
and having curiosity
to make that dream a reality,

433
00:22:29,333 --> 00:22:32,333
and I wanted to be the first
to walk to both poles.

434
00:22:32,333 --> 00:22:33,833
So, off we go.

435
00:22:33,833 --> 00:22:36,133
The team from the South Pole

436
00:22:36,133 --> 00:22:39,500
naturally said, "Rob,
on your own this time, mate.

437
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:40,933
We're not doing it again."

438
00:22:40,933 --> 00:22:42,166
Do you want to know why

439
00:22:42,166 --> 00:22:44,766
I'm the first person
to walk to both poles?

440
00:22:44,766 --> 00:22:46,900
It really hurts, that's why.

441
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:50,566
So now, a team of eight of us
from seven different nations

442
00:22:50,566 --> 00:22:54,700
will walk 700 miles
across a frozen ocean,

443
00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:56,966
every step away from land.

444
00:22:56,966 --> 00:23:01,266
Walking to the North Pole
is extremely hard,

445
00:23:01,266 --> 00:23:04,633
extremely hard.

446
00:23:04,633 --> 00:23:07,233
And we had to learn patience.

447
00:23:07,233 --> 00:23:09,333
Never forget patience.

448
00:23:09,333 --> 00:23:10,866
How many stupid ideas

449
00:23:10,866 --> 00:23:15,800
can you listen to
without losing your patience?

450
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,866
Check out Daryl on the right
from Harlem, New York City.

451
00:23:18,866 --> 00:23:21,466
He would become
the first American in history

452
00:23:21,466 --> 00:23:22,966
to walk to the North Pole.

453
00:23:22,966 --> 00:23:27,500
Check out how much he
loved Rupert's music, not much.

454
00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:29,333
Here's me coming in from washing

455
00:23:29,333 --> 00:23:34,000
at minus 72 degrees Fahrenheit,
naked.

456
00:23:36,033 --> 00:23:37,200
Gentlemen...

457
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:39,866
[laughter]

458
00:23:41,166 --> 00:23:43,133
It is your job,

459
00:23:43,133 --> 00:23:47,200
gentlemen, to explain
to our esteemed ladies later

460
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,400
why you can see
absolutely nothing

461
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:55,400
hanging down in the central area
of the photograph.

462
00:23:57,233 --> 00:23:59,766
Let's just say it's a bit cold.

463
00:23:59,766 --> 00:24:04,600
We are now
642 miles from land,